Scalability and Security in Parallel: A Comprehensive Analysis of Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum is set to undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which act like precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and efficiency. Below, I categorize these 12 EIPs and explain in simple terms what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum Faster and More Capacity

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing efficiency for Layer 2 scaling solutions.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Problem: After the Dencun upgrade introduced “Blob” data for cheap Layer 2 data storage, a key issue arose: how to ensure these massive data sets are truly available? Currently, each validator downloads and verifies all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 blobs, this is manageable. But if future blocks carry more (e.g., 128 blobs), downloading and verifying all blobs becomes costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check all” approach into “sample and verify.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the full blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—they randomly download and check a few data slices.

4. Validators then cross-verify and exchange results to collectively confirm the data’s integrity and availability.

It’s like a big puzzle: everyone has a few pieces, but by checking key connections, they can confirm the whole puzzle is intact. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea has been successfully implemented in projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS fills a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling blueprint.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage requirements for validators, clearing a major obstacle to large-scale data expansion. In the future, each block could hold hundreds of blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, while allowing ordinary users to run validators and maintain network decentralization.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Problem: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity changes rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka to adjust blob limits is too slow and doesn’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO). It’s a lightweight upgrade that only modifies a few parameters related to blobs (like max blobs per block), without complex code changes. Node operators can simply accept new parameters at a specified time, similar to updating a config file online.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans two consecutive BPO upgrades to double blob capacity gradually. This allows flexible, incremental scaling of blob space, smoothing out costs and throughput increases with manageable risk.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Problem: The previous blob fee adjustment mechanism was too volatile. When demand was low, fees dropped near zero, failing to stimulate new demand and creating a “lowest price” anomaly. When demand surged, fees spiked, causing high costs. This price volatility made Layer 2 fee planning difficult.

Solution: EIP-7918 stabilizes blob fees by setting reasonable bounds, linking them to the Layer 2 execution fee (like state updates or ZK proof verifications). These execution fees are relatively stable and less affected by transaction volume. By anchoring blob fees to these stable costs, the fee market becomes less volatile.

Significance: This prevents fee “race to the bottom” or “skyrocketing” scenarios, making Layer 2 operating costs more predictable. Stable fees help projects set fair, consistent transaction costs, avoiding rollercoaster experiences for users.

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Problem: The block gas limit (currently around 30 million) determines transaction capacity but has not been adjusted for years. Raising it can boost throughput but must not compromise decentralization or validation hardware requirements.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default gas limit to a new recommended level (possibly 45 million or higher). It’s not mandatory but guides validators to accept higher limits gradually.

Significance: Higher gas limits mean more transactions per block, increasing TPS and reducing network congestion and fees. However, it also demands better hardware from validators, so the community will proceed cautiously.

Security and Stability! Building a Robust Network

While scaling, ensuring security and stability is paramount. The Ethereum Foundation launched the “Trillion Dollar Security” plan in May 2025 to develop a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka advance this goal, like installing stronger “brakes” and “guardrails.”

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Problem: Ethereum’s “block gas limit” only controls computational load, not physical size. Attackers can craft “low-cost, large-volume” transactions (e.g., sending 0 ETH to many addresses) that produce huge data but low computation, creating “data bombs” that slow down network propagation and risk DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB on block size. Any block exceeding this size is rejected.

Significance: Like setting maximum truck dimensions on a highway, this prevents oversized data blocks from clogging the network, ensuring faster propagation and improved resilience.

EIP-7825: Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Problem: While the total block gas limit is set, individual transactions have no cap. Someone could craft a single transaction consuming nearly all block resources, delaying others.

Solution: Set a hard limit of 16.77 million gas per transaction. Transactions exceeding this must be split.

Significance: This promotes fairness and predictability, preventing any single transaction from monopolizing block space and delaying others.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Problem: The ModExp precompile handles large exponentiation, used in cryptography. It has two risks: no limit on input size, and low gas costs for large inputs, enabling abuse.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input size to 8192 bits, enough for practical use.

• EIP-7883: Increase gas costs for large inputs, making abuse costly.

Significance: These measures remove attack vectors, ensuring ModExp remains secure and cost-effective for legitimate use.

Developer Tools and Functionality Upgrades

Beyond scaling and security, Fusaka introduces new tools for developers, making building on Ethereum more powerful.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Problem: Devices like iPhones, bank security tokens, and hardware modules use secp256r1 (P-256), but Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits hardware wallet integration.

Solution: Add a precompile to support and verify secp256r1 signatures natively.

Significance: This opens the door for billions of devices to securely sign Ethereum transactions directly, lowering barriers and enhancing security—bridging Web2 and Web3.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Problem: Calculating the number of leading zeros in a 256-bit number is common in cryptography and ZK proofs but lacks a direct opcode in EVM, leading to costly Solidity code.

Solution: Add a “CLZ” (Count Leading Zeros) opcode to EVM.

Significance: Provides a fast, low-cost tool for developers, reducing gas costs for math-heavy applications like ZK rollups.

Invisible but Critical Network Optimizations

Two EIPs improve network health and coordination without direct user impact.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Problem: As history accumulates, new nodes face long sync times, especially after The Merge, which left some redundant data.

Solution: Implement “data expiry” and streamline transaction receipts, allowing new nodes to skip old, unnecessary data, reducing sync size by about 530GB.

Significance: Lowers the barrier to running full nodes, strengthening decentralization and resilience.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order & Pre-Confirmation

Problem: Current Layer 2 rollups rely on a central sequencer, risking censorship and MEV extraction. Moving to a more decentralized “Based Rollup” model involves using L1 block proposers for ordering, but delays are problematic.

Solution: Modify consensus to precompute and publish the proposer schedule, turning random selection into a predictable, public timetable.

Significance: Enables Layer 2 gateways to pre-know proposers, facilitating trusted pre-confirmations and near-instant transaction finality, crucial for next-gen decentralized rollups.

Why Is Fusaka the Right Upgrade Now?

Fusaka isn’t just a technical update; it’s a strategic move amid the rise of RWA and stablecoins on Ethereum. Currently, Ethereum hosts over 56% of the global stablecoin supply, becoming the backbone of the digital dollar economy. Fusaka aims to prepare Ethereum for Wall Street-scale assets and transactions.

• Custom chains for institutional Layer 2, with unlimited scalability

As traditional finance enters crypto, we’ll see more Layer 2 “private chains” tailored for specific needs (e.g., KYC). These chains require Ethereum’s data availability for secure, cheap storage.

Fusaka’s EIPs like 7594, 7892, and 7918 are designed to drastically reduce data costs and enable flexible scaling, supporting massive institutional adoption.

• Building trillion-dollar security for financial infrastructure

For institutions managing trillions, security is paramount. Fusaka’s EIPs (7934, 7825, 7823, 7883) reinforce Ethereum’s defenses, closing potential vulnerabilities and moving toward the “trillion-dollar security” goal.

In summary, Fusaka’s core theme is clear: scaling and security. With favorable regulation and market momentum, Fusaka arrives at an opportune moment, helping Ethereum solidify its role in stablecoins and asset onboarding, transforming from a speculative asset to a mainstream financial infrastructure.

Conclusion: Deep and Steady Transformation

As a major upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target key issues of scalability, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, preparing for massive future users, assets, and applications.

For ordinary users, these changes may seem subtle, but their impact will be profound. A stronger, faster, safer Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—instant global settlement networks or “On-Chain Wall Street.” Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

This analysis is based on public information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please DYOR and proceed cautiously.

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